北京地区地壳精细结构的深地震反射剖面探测研究   总被引：20，自引：4，他引：16       下载免费PDF全文

刘保金  胡平  孟勇奇  酆少英  石金虎  姬计法 《地球物理学报》2009,52(9):2264-2272

长度100 km、NW向穿过三河—平谷8.0级地震区和北京地区主要断裂构造的深地震反射剖面,揭示了该区地壳精细结构图像和断裂的深浅构造特征.结果表明,该区地壳以TWT6～7 s左右的强反射带为界分为上地壳和下地壳,上地壳厚约18～21 km,下地壳厚约13～15 km.剖面TWT3～4 s以上,反射层位丰富,构造形态清晰,且在剖面上具有明显不同的构造特征;在三河—平谷地震区以西,剖面揭示了2～3组反射能量较强的反射震相和一系列错断基底面的断裂,在三河—平谷地震区以东,为一套自东向西倾伏的密集强反射层,这套反射具有典型的沉积盆地特征,盆地最深处约为8～9 km.剖面揭示的地壳深断裂倾角陡直,该断裂切割、扰动了下地壳物质和壳幔过渡带,向上延伸至上地壳,将地壳深部构造与浅部断裂联系在一起,构成了该区最主要的深浅构造特征.  相似文献   

Numerical simulation of surf–swash zone motions and turbulent flow     

R. Bakhtyar  D.A. Barry  A. Yeganeh-Bakhtiary  A. Ghaheri 《Advances in water resources》2009

A two-dimensional numerical model was presented for the simulation of wave breaking, runup and turbulence in the surf and swash zones. The main components of the model are the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations describing the average motion of a turbulent flow, a k–ε turbulence closure model describing the transformation and dissipation processes of turbulence and a volume of fluid technique for tracking the free surface motion. Nearshore wave evolution on a sloping bed, the velocity field and other wave characteristics were investigated. First, the results of the model were compared with experimental results for different surf zone hydrodynamic conditions. Spilling and plunging breakers were simulated and the numerical model investigated for different wave parameters. The turbulence field was also considered and the spatial and time-dependent variations of turbulence parameters were discussed. In the next stage of the study, numerical results were compared with two sets of experimental data in the swash zone. Generally, there is good agreement except for turbulence predictions near the breaking point where the model does not represent well the physical processes. On the other hand, turbulence predictions were found to be excellent for the swash zone. The model provides a precise and efficient tool for the simulation of the flow field and wave transformations in the nearshore, especially in the swash zone. The numerical model can simulate the surface elevation of the vertical shoreline excursion on sloping beaches, while swash–swash interactions within the swash zone are accounted for.  相似文献   

Methodological framework to select plant species for controlling rill and gully erosion: application to a Mediterranean ecosystem     

S. De Baets  J. Poesen  B. Reubens  B. Muys  J. De Baerdemaeker  J. Meersmans 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(10):1374-1392

Many studies attribute the effects of vegetation in reducing soil erosion rates to the effects of the above‐ground biomass. The effects of roots on topsoil resistance against concentrated flow erosion are much less studied. However, in a Mediterranean context, where the above‐ground biomass can temporarily disappear because of fire, drought or overgrazing, and when concentrated flow erosion occurs, roots can play an important role in controlling soil erosion rates. Unfortunately, information on Mediterranean plant characteristics, especially root characteristics, growing on semi‐natural lands, and knowledge of their suitability for gully erosion control is often lacking. A methodological framework to evaluate plant traits for this purpose is absent as well. This paper presents a methodology to assess the suitability of plants for rill and gully erosion control and its application to 25 plant species, representative for a semi‐arid Mediterranean landscape in southeast Spain. In this analysis determination of suitable plants for controlling concentrated flow erosion is based on a multi‐criteria analysis. First, four main criteria were determined, i.e. (1) the potential of plants to prevent incision by concentrated flow erosion, (2) the potential of plants to improve slope stability, (3) the resistance of plants to bending by water flow and (4) the ability of plants to trap sediments and organic debris. Then, an indicator or a combination of two indicators was used to assess the scores for the four criteria. In total, five indicators were selected, i.e. additional root cohesion, plant stiffness, stem density, the erosion‐reducing potential during concentrated flow and the sediment and organic debris obstruction potential. Both above‐ and below‐ground plant traits were taken into account and measured to assess the scores for the five indicators, i.e. stem density, sediment and organic debris obstruction potential, modulus of elasticity of the stems, moment of inertia of the stems, root density, root diameter distribution, root area ratio and root tensile strength. The scores for the indicators were represented on amoeba diagrams, indicating the beneficial and the weak plant traits, regarding to erosion control. The grasses Stipa tenacissima L. and Lygeum spartum L. and the shrub Salsola genistoides Juss. Ex Poir. amongst others, were selected as very suitable plant species for rill and gully erosion control. Stipa tenacissima can be used to re‐vegetate abandoned terraces as this species is adapted to drought and offers a good protection to concentrated flow erosion and shallow mass movements. Lygeum spartum can be used to vegetate concentrated flow zones or to obstruct sediment inflow to channels at gully outlets. Stipa tenacissima and Salsola genistoides can be used to stabilize steep south‐facing slopes. The methodology developed in this study can be applied to other plant species in areas suffering from rill and gully erosion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

南京片状细砂不排水循环三轴试验的数值仿真     

刘雪珠  陈国兴  庄海洋 《地震工程与工程振动》2009,29(3)

基于软件ABAQUS的二次开发平台,引入Byrne修正的Martin和Finn孔压应变模型,并与土体动力黏塑性记忆型嵌套面模型相结合,通过编制Fortran子程序,嵌入到软件ABAQUS中,实现了软件ABAQUS的有效应力算法,对南京片状细砂土的不排水循环三轴试验进行三维数值仿真。通过与循环三轴试验结果的比较,发现数值模拟结果基本上能再现南京片状细砂的不排水循环特性,如不排水循环三轴试验的动应力?应变关系、应变累积、应变软化等;且数值仿真结果较好地反映了试验结果的振动孔压发展特征。研究的意义在于理想三维数值模拟试验能够突破常规的室内土工试验能力及其局限性,这为今后饱和砂土不排水循环特性的宏、细观机理的进一步研究奠定了基础。  相似文献   

集值映射迭代根的不存在性     

李春晔 《成都信息工程学院学报》2010,25(2):221-222

研究了一类非连续的单调函数,即具有两个集值点的映射的迭代根。通过迭代根的单调性和集值点个数的变化,给出其两次根不存在的条件。  相似文献   

细砂填料改良技术的试验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

范云  汪英珍 《岩土力学》2003,24(6):965-968

秦-沈客运专线某标段的路基填料由洁净、均匀而级配不良的细砂组成,为满足《秦-沈线铁路路基施工技术细则》[1]的质量要求,施工单位在对该填料进行大量的改良对比试验基础上,探索出了经济合理的细砂改良技术方案,按此配方及施工工艺完成了数百万方的路基施工填筑任务,为细砂改良积累了大量的技术数据和宝贵经验。通过对细砂填料改良的试验研究,发现了文献[1]的某些规定和检测指标尚须进一步商榷和改进。笔者从理论和实践上对匀粒细砂改良的必要性、文献[1]双指标控制标准等问题提出了质疑,揭示和阐述了匀粒细砂K30值偏小的内在原因和填料强度随填筑深度的变化规律。  相似文献   

济宁二号煤矿3煤层宏观结构三维地震精细解释   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郭恒庆  程建远  杨文钦  周光华  杨战宁  周玉华 《煤田地质与勘探》2007,35(5):66-68

济宁二号煤矿3煤分叉为3_上、3_下煤层后,在地震剖面上表现为复杂的“薄互层”反射特征,这在常规地震时间剖面上确定“视分叉点”的精度不高。采用小波分析技术,改善了原始三维地震成果数据体的信噪比和分辨率,使得3煤层宏观结构解释的精度得到显著提高。   相似文献   

科尔沁沙地两种典型灌木独生和混交的根系分布规律   总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1  

黄刚  赵学勇  赵玉萍  苏延桂 《中国沙漠》2007,27(2):239-243

对比研究了科尔沁沙地黄柳、差不嘎蒿这两种典型灌木在独生和混交情况下的根系分布和根量变化。结果表明,独生情况下,黄柳根量要显著的高于差不嘎蒿。在整个剖面,黄柳总根量为30.84 kg.m-3,是差不嘎蒿的5.47倍。差不嘎蒿根系主要分布在0—20 cm的表层,黄柳根系主要分布在20—50 cm的深层土壤中。混交条件下,黄柳总根量为9.94 kg.m-3,相比于独生根量明显减少,差不嘎蒿为5.45 kg.m-3,并没有多大变化,但在距冠丛50 cm、100 cm处根量要大于独生(P<0.05),尤其是细根生物量有了显著增加。同独生相比,黄柳根系在深层和水平方向上扩展,但其总根、粗根、细根生物量均未有显著增加(P>0.05);差不嘎蒿的根系由主要在表层分布变化为在各层均匀分布。混交条件下两种植物之间的竞争是导致根系发生上述变化的原因之一。  相似文献   

播种期对栽培甘草越冬性及根系生长特征的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

祝玲敏  安文芝  谢建军  占发源  刘永刚 《中国沙漠》2007,27(3):469-472

甘草不同播种期的试验研究表明：甘草的适宜播种期较长,4月下旬至8月初播种都能较安全地越冬,但4月下旬至5月中旬播种完全安全,越冬率达100%,6月上旬至8月初播种的甘草抗寒能力有所下降,有一部分植株在越冬时死亡,但越冬率仍在90%以上。不同播种期播种的甘草越冬后植株的地上茎和根系都能正常生长发育,而且播种期晚的甘草在根长和根粗生长特征上表现出“追长”和“追粗”效应,光合产物也有明显向根系转移的特征。  相似文献   

不同含盐基质对膜下滴灌玉米根系生长及根区水盐含量的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

齐广平  张恩和  张步翀  李玲玲  秦舒浩 《中国沙漠》2007,27(6):1007-1011

针对干旱灌区水资源紧张、土壤次生盐渍化现象严重的现实,在相同灌溉定额下设计不同的盐分梯度,进行干旱灌区膜下滴灌对玉米根系生长及根区盐分运移的影响试验研究,其结果表明：当膜下滴灌灌水量为0.2776 m3\5m-2时,对土壤电导率在1.575 ds\5m-1以内的盐碱地均可进行玉米生产;膜下滴灌可有效抑制土壤盐分上移,在0—40 cm土层内盐分下移明显,QY1、QY2、QY3三个处理平均比对照含盐量减少7.0%、9.5%和23 %,在40—60 cm内盐分积累最高;膜下滴灌可使0—40 cm土层内形成淡化脱盐区,这有利于玉米根系的发育,54%~91%的玉米根系分布在此范围内;膜下滴灌比大水漫灌节水67%,且技术体系成熟,材料国产化,成本降低,完全可以在干旱灌区大面积推广应用。  相似文献